Hammud ibn Abdullah al-Tuwayjiri
- Died
- 1413 AH
- Born in
- -
Hammud ibn Abdullah al-Tuwayjiri (1334–1413 AH / 1916–1993 CE) was a Saudi Hanbali scholar, judge, and author known for his numerous theological and legal writings and refutations .
Lineage and Early Life
He was Abu Abdullah Hammud ibn Abdullah ibn Hammud ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Tuwayjiri, belonging to the Al Jabbara lineage traced to Bakr ibn Wa'il of the tribal grouping of Rabi'ah . He was born in the town of al-Majma'ah on Friday, 15 Dhu al-Hijjah 1334 AH . His father died in 1342 AH when Hammud was about eight years old, only a few days after the boy had begun his primary studies under the educator Ahmad al-Sani' (also cited as al-Sayigh) . Under al-Sani', he learned the fundamentals of reading and writing and memorized the Quran before turning eleven .
Education and Teachers
At the age of thirteen, al-Tuwayjiri joined the study circle of the jurist and judge of al-Majma'ah, Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Anqari, remaining his devoted student for more than a quarter of a century . Under al-Anqari, he studied major reference works across Islamic disciplines, including hadith compendia, Hanbali jurisprudence, and the theological writings of Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, receiving an extensive authorization (ijaza) to transmit these works and his teacher's narrations .
He also studied Arabic grammar and inheritance law (fara'id) under Muhammad ibn Abd al-Muhsin al-Khayyal, former judge of Medina, and studied language and inheritance under Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Humayd during the latter's tenure as judge in al-Majma'ah . In addition, he studied under the judge of Mecca, Sulayman ibn Hamdan .
Career and Students
In 1368 AH, al-Tuwayjiri was appointed to the judiciary in Rahima and Ras Tanura in the Eastern Province, where he served for approximately six months . In 1369 AH, he was assigned as a judge in al-Zulfi, serving there until the end of 1372 AH, after which he resigned from judicial office to dedicate his time fully to religious study, research, and writing .
His sons studied under him, and he granted ijazas to several scholars . Among those who studied with him or took transmissions from him were Abdullah al-Rumi, Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Mahmud, Nasir al-Durayri, and the hadith scholar Hammad al-Ansari .
Scholarly Character and Reception
Al-Tuwayjiri's daily routine was dedicated to research and composition from sunrise until after the night prayer, alongside extensive nocturnal prayers . He was noted for his reserved demeanor, piety, and firm adherence to traditional Sunni Athari doctrine . Contemporary scholars commended his dedication to defending orthodox doctrine and confronting theological and legal innovations; Ibrahim ibn Ubayd regarded him alongside Sulayman ibn Sahman as one of the prominent defenders of Islam in the region .
His first published work was the legal treatise Inkar al-Takbir al-Jamai wa Ghayrihi (Denunciation of Collective Takbir and Other Matters), and he compiled an authoritative hadith transmission register titled Ithaf al-Nubala bi-al-Riwaya an al-Alam al-Fudala .
Death
Al-Tuwayjiri fell ill about three years before his death, keeping his ailment private until it worsened during his final year . He died in Riyadh on Tuesday evening, 5 Rajab 1413 AH (late December 1992 or January 1993 CE), at the age of seventy-eight . His funeral prayer was led by Shaykh Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz, and he was buried in the al-Nasim cemetery in Riyadh .
Answer updated
List of Works
Tanbih al-Ikhwan ala al-Akhta fi Masalat Khalq al-Quran (Alerting the Brothers to Errors Concerning the Issue of the Creation of the Quran) is a theological polemical treatise addressing doctrines and historical claims regarding the creation of the Quran. It serves as a direct critique of a treatise published by Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda on the subject, refuting unacceptable views and seeking to warn students of religious knowledge against being misled by them.
Iqamat al-Burhan fi al-Radd ala man Ankar Khuruj al-Mahdi wa al-Dajjal wa Nuzul al-Masih fi Akhir al-Zaman (Establishing the Proof in Refutation of Whosoever Denies the Emergence of the Mahdi and the Dajjal and the Descent of the Messiah at the End of Time) is a theological treatise defending traditional Sunni eschatological doctrines. Written as a refutation of an article by Abd al-Karim al-Khatib, it upholds authentic prophetic reports concerning the end-times appearance of the Mahdi, the emergence of the Dajjal, and the descent of Jesus.
al-Ijaba al-Jaliyya ala al-Asila al-Kuwaytiyya (The Clear Answer to the Kuwaiti Questions) is a theological treatise written to address and refute various doctrinal propositions regarding intercession, grave visitation, and seeking aid from the deceased. It originated as a systematic response to inquiries from a resident of Kuwait concerning the creedal standing of certain group leaders promoting grave devotion and invoking the dead, as well as the status of those who affiliate with or excuse them.
al-Radd ala al-Katib al-Maftun (Refutation of the Infatuated Writer) is a polemical treatise written to refute a newspaper article that defended novel practices and criticized mosque preachers. The work responds directly to arguments supporting third-day condolence banquets and celebrating the Prophet's birthday (Mawlid), defending the role of Friday preachers in warning against religious innovations and upholding established Sunnah traditions.
Inkar al-Takbir al-Jamai wa Ghayrihi (Denunciation of Collective Takbir and Other Matters) is a legal treatise addressing the prohibition of chanting the Eid takbir in unison, alongside several other religious practices and observances in al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca. It demonstrates that collective takbir chanted melodically in unison lacks basis in the Sunnah and constitutes a reprehensible innovation, arguing instead for the individual performance of takbir.
al-Radd ala man ajaza tahdhib al-lihya (The Refutation of Whosoever Allowed Trimming the Beard) is a legal treatise written to argue for the obligation of leaving the beard untrimmed and to refute contemporary claims that wearing a beard is merely a cultural tradition rather than an Islamic religious practice.
al-Tanbihat ala Risalat al-Albani fi al-Salat (Reminders on al-Albani's Treatise on Prayer) is a legal and theological critique that examines specific points in Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani's treatise on the description of prayer.
Tanzih al-Ashab an Tanaqqus Abi Turab is a treatise defending the Companions of the Prophet Muhammad against disparaging claims made by the contemporary writer Abu Turab al-Zahiri.
al-Qawl al-Muharrar fi al-Amr bil-Maruf wal-Nahy an al-Munkar (The Refined Discourse on Enjoining Good and Forbidding Evil) is a treatise on the obligation of enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong, the religious ramifications of neglecting it, and the distinction between illicit religious compromise and permissible tactfulness.
Dalail al-Athar ala Tahrim al-Tamthil bi al-Shar (Textual Proofs on the Prohibition of Mutilating Hair) is a legal treatise examining the Islamic rulings on hair, the obligation of growing the beard, and the prohibition of imitating non-Muslim customs.
I'lan al-Nakir 'ala al-Maftunin bi-al-Taswir (Proclamation of Denunciation against Those Infatuated with Image-Making) is a legal treatise addressing the Islamic prohibition of depicting animate beings and modern photography. Composed in response to the prevalence of photography, portraiture, displayed imagery, and fatwas permitting mechanical depictions, the work presents Quranic and prophetic evidence establishing that creating representations of beings with souls is a major sin.
al-Idah wa al-Tabyin lima waqa'a fihi al-aktharun min mushabahat al-mushrikin (Clarification and Explanation of What the Majority Have Fallen into Regarding Imitation of the Polytheists) is a treatise dedicated to expounding the Islamic prohibition against imitating non-Muslims in their religious rites, customs, dress, and behaviors. Drawing on the Quran, prophetic hadiths, and statements from early scholars, the work examines the legal rationales and harms of adopting foreign practices across religious holidays, clothing, social habits, and commercial transactions.
Fath al-Mabud fi al-Radd ala Ibn Mahmud (The Revelation of the Worshipped in Refutation of Ibn Mahmud) is a theological refutation written to critique doctrinal positions advanced in two treatises by Abdullah ibn Zayd ibn Mahmud. The work engages core theological topics, including divine decree and predestination (al-Qada wa-l-Qadar), the distinction between prophethood and messengership, the defense of the Companion Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, and the distinction between Islam and Iman.
Kitab al-Ruya (The Book of Vision) is a treatise on dreams and dream interpretation in Islamic tradition. The work focuses on true and righteous visions (al-ru'ya al-saliha) as remaining glad tidings of prophethood, compiling prophetic hadiths and scholarly reports while outlining theological and practical guidelines for interpretation and cautioning against inexpert reliance on dream-interpretation manuals.
al-Radd al-Qawi ala al-Rifai wa al-Majhul wa Ibn Alawi wa Bayan Akhtaihim fi al-Mawlid al-Nabawi is a polemical work written to argue against the permissibility of celebrating the Prophet's birthday (Mawlid) and to address related legal and social questions. Structured as a refutation of writings by Yusuf ibn Hashim al-Rifa'i, an anonymous author, and Muhammad ibn Alawi al-Maliki, the text presents Quranic and hadith arguments against religious innovations alongside discussions on contemporary issues.
Idah al-Mahajja fi al-radd ala Sahib Tanja is a polemical treatise written to refute the interpretive methodology of modernizing scriptural texts. It presents a line-by-line rebuttal targeting the second edition of Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Ghumari's book on the conformity of modern inventions with prophetic traditions. The work addresses what it identifies as severe hermeneutical errors, focusing on the misinterpretation of Quranic verses and prophetic traditions to fit contemporary technological developments and apocalyptic portents.
al-Sarim al-Battar lil-Ijhaz ala man Khalafa al-Kitab wa al-Sunna wa al-Ijma wa al-Athar is a polemical legal treatise written to refute modern arguments permitting interest-bearing banking transactions. Composed in response to Ibrahim ibn Abdullah ibn Nasir's treatise on Islamic law and banks, the work serves as a concise manual detailing legal rulings and scriptural warnings regarding usury. It draws on Quranic verses, prophetic traditions, consensus, and transmitted reports from the early generations of Muslims to demonstrate a comprehensive prohibition across all forms of usury.
Ithbat Uluw Allah wa Mubayanatihi li Khalqihi wa al-Radd ala man zaama anna maiyyat Allah li al-Khalq dhatiyya is a theological treatise dedicated to affirming God's transcendence above creation and His establishment over the Throne, while refuting the notion of an essential divine co-presence with creation. Written in response to an article asserting that God's accompaniment of creation is in His essence, the work utilizes textual evidence and rational argumentation to establish the creed of early Muslim scholars regarding divine attributes.
Tuhfat al-Ikhwan bima Jaa fi al-Muwalat wal-Muadat wal-Hubb wal-Bughd wal-Hijran is a doctrinal treatise on the Islamic theological principles of loyalty, disavowal, and love and hatred for the sake of God. The concise work demonstrates the prohibition of showing loyalty or affection to enemies of God and warns against venerating or imitating them. It establishes its arguments through explicit textual proofs from the Quran, Hadith, and reports of the early generations.
Dhayl al-Sawaiq li-Mahw al-Abatil wa al-Makhariq is an astronomical and theological polemic written to refute modern cosmological theories and defend traditional geocentric views. Composed as an extended sequel to an earlier treatise, the work offers a chapter-by-chapter critique of Muhammad Mahmud al-Sawwaf's book al-Muslimun wa Ilm al-Falak, addressing its cosmological arguments, calculations, and scriptural interpretations regarding the movement of celestial bodies and the immobility of the Earth.
Tanbihat ala Risalatayn lil-Shaykh Abi Bakr al-Jazairi (Notices on Two Treatises by Shaykh Abu Bakr al-Jazairi) is a critical polemical work that offers a review and refutation of two treatises authored by Abu Bakr Jabir al-Jazairi. The book addresses topics concerning the signs of the Day of Judgment and claims regarding the foretelling of modern scientific and technological inventions in Islamic scripture.
al-Sawaiq al-Shadida ala Ittiba al-Haya al-Jadida ("The Severe Thunderbolts upon the Followers of Modern Astronomy") is a treatise written to refute modern heliocentric astronomy. The work argues for the stationarity of the Earth and the motion of the Sun.
Aqidat Ahl al-Iman fi Khalq Adam ala Surat al-Rahman (The Creed of the People of Faith Concerning the Creation of Adam upon the Image of the Most Merciful) is a theological treatise examining prophetic traditions regarding the creation of Adam in God's image. The work defends the traditional Athari interpretation of the divine attribute of image (al-sura).
Taghliz al-Malam ala al-Mutasarrieen ila al-Fatya wa Taghyir al-Ahkam (Intensifying the Blame upon Those Who Rush into Issuing Fatwas and Altering Rulings) is a legal treatise warning against the hazards of delivering religious verdicts without knowledge and departing from established rulings.
al-Radd al-Qawim ala al-Mujrim al-Athim (The Upright Refutation of the Sinful Criminal) is a two-volume polemical work dedicated to defending the Sunnah, the Companions of the Prophet, and the canonical status of Sahih al-Bukhari against modernist critiques.
This polemical treatise defends the Umayyad caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz against allegations that he engaged in singing and composing musical melodies prior to his caliphate. It also presents arguments asserting the religious prohibition of singing and musical instruments.
This eschatological and hadith work compiles prophetic traditions regarding future tribulations, major end-time conflicts, and the signs preceding the Day of Resurrection.
This theological and hadith treatise substantiates the Sunni belief in the emergence of the Mahdi at the end of time and refutes those who reject the hadith reports concerning him.
This theological and moral treatise addresses the estrangement of authentic Islamic practice and the widespread alteration of religious norms in the contemporary era.
This theological treatise refutes modern rationalist interpretations of the Prophet Muhammad's Night Journey and Heavenly Ascension (al-Isra' wal-Mi'raj).