Zahirat al-Taqarud fi al-Nahw al-Arabi
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- Editions
- Majallat al-Jami'ah al-Islamiyyah bi-al-Madinah al-Munawwarah
Zahirat al-Taqarud fi al-Nahw al-Arabi (The Phenomenon of Mutual Borrowing in Arabic Grammar) is an Arabic grammatical study written by Dr. Ahmad Muhammad Abdullah, an assistant professor at the College of Arabic Language . It was published in sequential parts in the Journal of the Islamic University of Madinah (issues 58 and 59) .
Concept and Scope
The study examines al-taqarud (mutual borrowing) as a manifestation of the expansive and flexible nature of Arabic expression alongside related phenomena such as synonymy, derivation, antonymy, homonymy, syntactic implication, and stylistic conformity . The author notes that while earlier linguists such as Ibn Hisham al-Ansari made only passing reference to the subject in the concluding pages of Mughni al-Labib, the root q-r-d lexically denotes giving, receiving, and mutual exchange, as recorded by lexicographers like al-Fairuzabadi .
In grammatical terminology, the author defines taqarud as the reciprocal exchange of syntactic properties between two words—whether nouns, verbs, or particles—wherein each imparts its specific rule or characteristic to the other . The study draws on classical formulations of the concept, including statements by al-Zamakhshari and the commentary of Ibn Ya'ish .
Structure and Classification
The work divides the instances of taqarud into three main categories:
- Borrowing in Grammatical Rulings (al-Ahkam al-I'rabiyyah): Examines the exchange of inflectional and syntactic governance between terms, such as the reciprocal borrowing between the exception particles and nouns illa (إلا) and ghayr (غير), as well as between an (أنْ) and ma (ما) .
- Borrowing in Form and Shape (al-Shakl wa-al-Hay'ah): Analyzes instances where morphological characteristics are exchanged, such as the circumstantial accusative (al-hal) borrowing stativeness (jumud) from the specification (al-tamyiz), despite the general rule that the hal should be derived (mushtaqq) .
- Borrowing in Meaning (al-Ma'ani): Focuses on particles of meaning (huruf al-ma'ani) and adverbs that assume the functional meanings of other particles, addressing the disagreement between the Basran and Kufan grammatical schools over the interchangeability (niyabah) of prepositions, and examining pairs such as ma'a (مع) and ba'da (بعد) .
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