Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal-Injil wal-Quran

Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal-Injil wal-Quran (Muhammad in the Torah, the Gospel, and the Quran) is a comparative religion treatise written by the Egyptian scholar and former Protestant clergyman Ibrahim Khalil Ahmad Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal…+1. The book examines biblical prophecies and references concerning the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Old and New Testaments, analyzing them alongside Quranic discourse and Christian theological doctrines Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal…+1.

Background and Composition

Before embracing Islam, the author was an evangelical priest named Ibrahim Khalil Philibus, who had served as a pastor, a professor of theology and doctrine at the Canadian Evangelical Theological Seminary in Asyut, and an official in the German-Swiss Protestant Mission Munazara bayn al-Islam wa…+1. Between 1955 and 1959, he conducted an extensive comparative study between Christianity and Islam, prompted primarily by Quranic verses asserting that the Prophet Muhammad was foretold in previous scriptures, notably: الَّذِينَ يَتَّبِعُونَ الرَّسُولَ النَّبِيَّ الْأُمِّيَّ الَّذِي يَجِدُونَهُ مَكْتُوبًا عِنْدَهُمْ فِي التَّوْرَاةِ وَالْإِنْجِيلِ ("Those who follow the Messenger, the unlettered prophet, whom they find written in what they have of the Torah and the Gospel") Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal…+1.

Following his formal conversion to Islam on 25 December 1959, he authored Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal-Injil wal-Quran as his inaugural work in Islamic apologetics and comparative religious studies Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal…+1.

Content and Themes

The work analyzes four core comparative themes that guided the author's intellectual trajectory toward Islam Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal…:

1. Divine Monotheism (Tawhid): A contrast between the Islamic doctrine of strict monotheism in Surah al-Ikhlas and the Trinitarian dogma in Christian theology, which the author argues was absent from the original Greek manuscripts and influenced by ancient pagan traditions Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal…+1. He also highlights historical theological dissent, such as the position of Arius at the First Council of Nicaea in 325 CE Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal…+1.
2. Divine Forgiveness: A comparison between the Quranic principle of unmediated divine mercy through sincere repentance and the Christian doctrine of vicarious atonement requiring blood sacrifice, which later gave rise to ecclesiastical practices like indulgences that were contested by Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal…+1.
3. Moral Equality and Universalism: An examination of human equality under God in Islamic teachings compared with historical ecclesiastical distinctions and social attitudes Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal….
4. Scriptural Integrity and Prophecies: An analysis of biblical prophecies found across the Torah, the Psalms, and the Gospels concerning the coming of the Paraclete and the expected prophet, paired with an evaluation of the Quran's internal coherence and linguistic challenge Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal…+1.

Reception and Publication

The work was commended by Professor Ali Hasaballah of the Faculty of Dar al-Ulum at Cairo University, who praised the treatise for articulating theological arguments through rational inquiry and textual analysis Muhammad fi al-Tawrah wal…+1.

The book appeared in several editions, including printings by Maktabat al-Wa'y al-Arabi in Cairo (such as its second edition in 1964/1965 and later its fifth edition), Dar al-Manar in Cairo (1409 AH / 1989 CE), and al-Maktaba al-Tijariyya in Mecca (1409 AH) Hal Bashshara al-Kitab al…+1Dirasa fi al-Sira+1. It became a frequently cited modern reference in Islamic literature on biblical prophecy and interfaith polemics Muhammad in the Holy Book…+1.